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The central theme of A Column of Fire is the search for tolerance among the acts and policies of religious intolerance in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. While many characters display intolerant attitudes regarding the freedom of worship, Rollo most overtly exemplifies the stance of religious intolerance. Throughout his life, he dedicates himself to destroying Protestantism, viewing his cause as the only way to save England from heresy. He expresses an intense hatred for Protestants and a desire for their destruction, saying “I want to wipe them out, destroy them, kill every last one of them” (532). This religious fervor pushes him to commit extreme acts in an attempt to destabilize the political structures supporting English Protestantism. However, this fanaticism leads to frustration and disappointment as his efforts repeatedly fail. Rather than deterring him, his failures spur him to hatch increasingly desperate plans. Even when he suffers personal losses, he justifies his actions by claiming that he is merely following God's will. In the end, Rollo helps to plan the Gunpowder Plot, which would have killed many members of Parliament and most of the Royal family if it had been successful—all for the sake of a last attempt to achieve his vision of a Catholic England.
On the opposite side, Ned embodies the desire for religious tolerance. He is committed to preventing bloodshed, and he consistently seeks a middle ground between conflicting beliefs whenever possible. Follett keeps Ned somewhat neutral in the conflict by depicting his own beliefs as not fully aligning with either side. While he believes in God, he rejects the idea that any religion should mistreat the believers of any others. While his beliefs are not fully Protestant, he does stand in direct opposition to many of the Catholic characters, including Margery. However, despite his and Margery’s ideological disparities, their love for one another transcends their religious differences and emphasizes the potential for personal relationships to bridge the gaps created by religious intolerance.
The novel also concludes with Ned’s grandson Jack leaving England due to the religious persecution of the Puritans by James I. As Ned notes, “[Jack] and his Puritan friends stubbornly disagreed with the English church on numerous points of doctrine, and King James was as intolerant of them as he was of Catholics” (907). Jack’s decision to go to the New World underscores England’s ongoing struggle for religious freedom and the cyclical nature of spiritual dynamics. Despite Ned's lifelong efforts to bring tolerance to England, it is clear that this issue continues to dominate the country’s political conflicts. This recurring pattern reflects the ongoing struggle between tolerance and intolerance and suggests that the quest for religious freedom is an ideal that society may never fully realize.
Central to the dualistic theme of idealism and politics is Ned and his character arc. He is driven by the ideological pursuit of religious tolerance in England, but this is juxtaposed against the harsh realities of political power during the 16th and 17th centuries. Ned's journey reflects the inherent conflict between one's noble ideals and the pragmatic compromises demanded by the ruthless world of politics.
Ned's idealistic goal is rooted in his unwavering belief in religious tolerance. Throughout the novel, Ned envisions a world where people can practice their faith without the fear of persecution. He summarizes his choice to follow this path after the burning of Philbert Cobley, stating “I felt sure it did not have to be like this. There were people in England who wanted to stop this happening. And I wanted to be with them. I wanted to fight for Elizabeth’s tolerant ideals” (201). Despite this noble goal to stop religious intolerance, he soon learns that achieving widespread religious tolerance through exclusively non-violent means is an elusive ideal. The execution of Catholic priests during Elizabeth's reign exemplifies the harshness required to keep the general peace. Ned later addresses the finer points of this issue during his talk with his son, Roger. As Ned acknowledges, “When she was young, Princess Elizabeth told me that if she became queen, no Englishman would die for his religion” (652). However, when Roger counters that English Catholic priests have indeed been executed, Ned asserts, “Politically it is quite impossible for her to tolerate, within her kingdom, a network of men who are loyal to a foreign potentate—the Pope—who has declared himself her enemy. No monarch on earth would put up with that” (654). This astute comment reveals that he has grown to understand the pragmatic aspects of his cause, for he finally realizes that engaging in the “gray areas” of politics is often the only way to stop outright civil war in England.
Ned also sacrifices many of his ideals to protect Elizabeth and act as a champion of tolerance. While he initially opposes killing people for their beliefs, Ned eventually accepts it as a necessary evil to maintain the peace. By acting to stop men like Rollo from toppling the Protestant monarchy and upsetting the balance that Elizabeth is trying to build in England, Ned is forced to use many of the same methods of torture and deception. However, unlike Rollo, he struggles with these actions for the rest of his life. Ned's internal struggle reflects the ethical dilemmas inherent in wielding political power. As the novel progresses, the harsh realities of political life force him to shed the naiveté of his youth and embrace a more pragmatic approach. This evolution is not a surrender of his principles, but an acknowledgment of the limitations imposed by the political landscape. As he tells Roger, “There are no saints in politics. But imperfect people can still change the world for the better” (654). Ultimately, Ned recognizes that pursuing a greater good often requires compromise.
One of the central themes of A Column of Fire is the conflict between love and community on one side and ambition on the other. The characters’ actions and the novel’s events often demonstrate the push and pull between these opposing ideals. At one end, Ned and Sylvie epitomize love and connection, the protection of which often comes at the expense of their safety and well-being. Ned, as a spy and advisor for Queen Elizabeth, dedicates his life to serving his queen and England, thereby placing the ideal of the nation above his own personal glory. Similarly, Sylvie embodies a deep connection to her community. Towards the end of the novel, she chooses to chase the conniving Rollo and dies in the attempt. Ned describes her loss as “an amputation” (833), and he notes that he can never fully recover after her death. However, their love and connection linger, and he imagines her continuing to give him advice and support long after her death.
On the opposing end of the spectrum, characters like Rollo Fitzgerald and Pierre Aumande exemplify the pursuit of personal ambition. Rollo cannot feel love, and more importantly, he does not understand other characters’ desire for it, for he does not understand the power of the connections that love can forge between people. His belief in his own superiority is rooted in his lack of desire for relationships. Toward the end of the story, he has a strained and distant relationship with what little family he does have, while Ned is surrounded by many generations of his extended family.
Meanwhile, Pierre is always driven by an insatiable need for power that leads him to ruin. For example, he further disconnects from reality and the people around him as he becomes an influential figure in the French court, and he takes disproportionate revenge for old slights and grossly mistreats his family. However, despite all the work he does for the Guise family over the years, they never treat him as an equal. He also fails to see the dangers posed by the people he manipulates. When Duke Henri de Guise is assassinated, Pierre’s plans crumble, and his stepson and the marchioness Pierre exact their revenge. Just before his death, he realizes that he “could not have been more surprised if the knife had moved of its own accord. This was Louise, the terrified mouse, the helpless woman he abused just for fun, and she had cut him” (819). For both Rollo and Pierre, their lack of genuine connection to anything outside their ambitions leads to their downfall. To Pierre, Louise and Alain are never truly people, and so he is incapable of foreseeing their revenge. Likewise, Rollo never sees Margery as a person, so he does not imagine that she would ever betray him.
Margery is situated between the extremes of selfless and selfish motivations. At the end of the novel, she is the only person who knows that Jean Langlais is Rollo, but she chooses not to act out of fear for the well-being of her sons. She decides to lie, prioritizing her safety over her obligations to morality or to Ned. Margery's initial choices reflect a mother's instinct to shield her children from harm, even if it means disregarding certain truths. However, once she realizes the extent of the planned Gunpowder Plot, she exposes her brother’s involvement. Rather than being punished with death like Rollo and Pierre, she is rewarded and allowed to return home with Ned.
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By Ken Follett
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